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De tous les symboles qui pèsent sur l’histoire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le plus puissant demeure sans doute celui des camps de concentration et d’extermination. Ces camps et leur révélation à l’issue du conflit ont marqué le monde entier, lui révélant jusqu’où l’homme peut aller dans l’ignominie et la violence exercée sur autrui.

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75 ans après la découverte des « camps de la mort » nazis, RetroNews se propose de revenir sur la façon dont la presse française, nouvellement libre, a pu révéler l’existence de ces lieux où se déroulaient d’impensables atrocités. Entre incrédulité et condamnation, les journalistes d’alors tentent de commenter l’invraisemblable, qui n’a pas encore de nom : la Shoah.

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Prétendument destinés à incarcérer les « opposants » politiques, les camps sont abordés régulièrement dès 1933 dans les journaux. L’intérêt suscité par cette réalité du régime nazi diminuera toutefois au cours de la décennie – jusqu’au choc de l’ouverture des camps.

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Dès 1937, plusieurs journaux français, dont le magazine Regards, dénoncent les traitements inhumains reçus par les détenus du camp de concentration nazi de Dachau.

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Tandis que les armées alliées avancent à travers l’Europe, les premiers camps d’extermination nazis sont découverts. Devant une telle horreur, Russes et Américains emploient des stratégies militaires et médiatiques radicalement différentes.

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Tandis que les troupes soviétiques arrivent aux portes d’un Majdanek vide, les soldats prennent connaissance de toute la folie criminelle du nazisme. Dès lors, journalistes et cameramen russes commencent à rendre compte de l’atrocité hitlérienne dans l'Europe de l'Est occupée.

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Le 29 avril 1945, les soldats de la 45^e division d'Infanterie de l'Armée Américaine pénètrent dans le camp de concentration de Dachau pour le libérer. Le spectacle qui s'offre à leurs yeux dépasse l'entendement.

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À peine deux mois après la libération du camp de concentration de Mauthausen-Gusen, plusieurs voix de survivants français se font entendre dans les pages de Ce soir. Leur témoignage révèle l’ignominie sans limite des geôliers SS.

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Entre avril et mai 1945, les Alliés libèrent le tristement célèbre camp de concentration nazi. Cet événement est abondamment commenté dans la presse française, et pour cause : quelque 24 000 prisonniers français y ont été déportés.

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À la découverte des camps nazis, une urgence s’impose : rapatrier les déportés et préparer la population à leur retour. Entre quarantaine, rapatriement en avion et immobilisation dans les camps, tous ne bénéficieront pas des mêmes circuits de rapatriement.

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Quand les nazis déclenchent l’opération Barbarossa contre l’URSS en juin 1941, le sort des futurs prisonniers de guerre soviétiques est déjà scellé. Rien n'étant prévu pour ces presque 3 millions de soldats, ils mourront. Conversation avec Christian Ingrao.

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Le 18 juin 1940, l'histoire s'écrit : la voix du général de Gaulle retentit sur les ondes de la BBC. La presse résistante retranscrit son allocution, appelant à rejoindre Londres et à ne pas cesser de combattre l’Allemagne nazie.

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Entre la défaite de 1940 et la Libération de l’été 1944, la France « coupée en deux » a vécu un épisode traumatique qu’il a fallu, au prix de nombreuses vérités, effacer : l’occupation nazie. Ainsi au sortir de la guerre, le mythe d’une France résistante, dissimulée dans le maquis, s’est imposé ; la collaboration n’était plus qu’un épiphénomène ne concernant que quelques marginaux, désormais jugés. Loin d’être un pays battu sous la botte du Reich, la France avait œuvré dans son ensemble en faveur de la victoire alliée.

\n\n

Nous nous attardons sur plusieurs moments de gloire véritables de cette France résistante (et sur son réseau de presse clandestine) ainsi que sur la façon dont le CNR a réussi à imposer sa propre mythologie afin de panser les plaies d’un pays occupé – et parfois, traître.

","order":1,"url":"/dossier/verites-et-mythologies-de-la-resistance","previousArticle":"$undefined","nextArticle":"$undefined"}},{"title":"10 juillet 1940 : la Chambre donne les pleins pouvoirs à Pétain","nid":8067,"contentContext":"all","description":"

Le 10 juillet 1940, sans recourir à la force, Philippe Pétain obtient les pleins pouvoirs grâce aux suffrages quasi-unanimes des parlementaires. Comment ce vote, qui aboutira à l'infamie de Vichy, a-t-il pu produire ce résultat ? Conversation avec Olivier Wieviorka.

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C’est avec la Deuxième République et l’élection du futur Napoléon III en 1848 que les citoyens français ont élu leur premier « président ». Détenteur d’un pouvoir politique limité et inféodé aux décisions de l’Assemblée nationale, ce « sommet » de l’Etat, figure de proue du pouvoir dont on étale de plus en plus la personnalité au fil des années, est censé incarner la volonté et les « valeurs » du peuple français dans son ensemble.

\n\n

RetroNews se propose de mettre en lumière quelques destins présidentiels, célèbres comme mineurs, glorieux comme tragiques, s’étalant sur une centaine d’années de presse en France.

","order":10,"url":"/dossier/chefs-republicains-traces-des-presidents-de-la-republique-dans-la-presse","previousArticle":"$undefined","nextArticle":"$undefined"}},{"title":"Le mythe de la Résistance en France : « une réécriture du passé »","nid":8321,"contentContext":"all","description":"

La Résistance a-t-elle donné lieu à un récit unificateur qui a permis d'oublier la collaboration pour privilégier l'union nationale ? L'historien Laurent Douzou revient sur ce qu'il nomme le « mythe du mythe résistancialiste », estimant qu'il n'existe pas une mais des mémoires, parfois antagonistes, de cet épisode de l'histoire française.

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\n\n

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